Gold nanoparticles have been widely applied to different natural sciences due to its unique optical and electrical properties. It is easy to control the size and shape of gold nanoparticles to adjust the absorption peak of gold nanoparticles and change the optical and electrical properties. When gold nanoparticles are functionalized with DNA, they are endowed with the recognition ability and addressability of DNA, and it further widens the applications of gold nanoparticles in nanoparticle assembly, environmental monitoring, disease diagnosis, drug delivery, and nanoparticle synthesis.